Nutrigenomics The answer to the ills of Humankind
THE MEDICAL
RENAISSANCE GROUP
Nutrigenomics: The answer to the ills of Humankind
????
Dear All
This is a fascinating way the Pharmaceutical
companies can make money out of Gene Typing
Quote
Beyond the obvious improvements to
quality of life and health, we see a new mode for market segmentation. Imagine
the possibility to identify small subgroups based on their individual genome,
create products to satisfy their needs and then to market diets and products
directly to them. The technology to accomplish in an economically feasible way
is rapidly becoming a reality.
What they want to do folks is to maintain
the 56 billion dollar processed food industry with its ramifications of
depleted vitamins and minerals and the resultant onslaught of The metabolic syndrome,cancer, CVD and Obesity
Next they will create niche markets for
those genetically compromised individuals who cannot cope with this diet ( Basically all of us )
Then they will Genotype us in the Doctor`s office for a cost ranging to 150 dollars.
We will see we are all genetically
compromised and so through this wonderful personalised medicine we will get our
tailor made expensive diets with the compliments of a Food Pharmaceutical
business consortium
They may even give us vitamins which by then
will be only probably available through the pharmaceutical Industry
Our Genes will be the answer to everything, Some lucky people will be able to drink alcohol like fish
and smoke like chimneys and eat tons of dairy without toxic effects because so
the theory goes --they have friendly Genes
So everything will
be measurable from a drop of blood
This is the future of Medicine ------------:
Doctors the Servants and Reps of large gene
and Pharmaceutical companies of course serving the common Good of the Large
Trans National Companies
And The Art and Science of Medicine ??
Leave that to Hippocrates
Michael
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Nutrigenomics: The next wave in nutrition
research
By Dr.Nancy Fogg-Johnson
and Alex Merolli (Life Sciences Alliance,
Genes and nutrition will be
the target of ongoing rese11arch
Understanding of human nutrition has followed
developments in the sciences, primarily chemistry, biochemistry and physiology.
During the "Naturalistic Era" (400 B.C.-1750 AD), Hippocrates
hypothesized about the body's "innate heat";
during the next 500 years, little happened in either the development of
scientific knowledge or nutrition science.
The late 1700's ushered in the
"Chemical-Analytical Era" (1750-1900) highlighted by Lavoisier's calorimetry studies (1). He discovered how food
is metabolized by oxidation to carbon dioxide, water and heat. He also invented
the calorimeter, crucial to further understanding of heat energy. In the 19th
century, Liebig recognized that carbohydrates, proteins and fats are oxidized
by the body and calculated energy values for each. While chemists were examining
the composition of foods and metabolism, physicians were studying the
mechanisms and process of digestion, the means by which food is converted to
useful, oxidizable components.
The "Biological Era"
(1900-present) was founded on advances in chemistry, biochemistry and
understanding of the metabolic pathways1. In the early 20th century,
considerable research had been done on energy exchange and on the nature of
foodstuffs. Nutrition science took a leap forward as evidenced by publication
of the "laws of nutrition" by Langworthy.
Once understanding of macronutrients was developed and better tools developed,
nutrition scientists turned attention to the understanding of micronutrients,
mineral and vitamin nutrition2. Most work during the last half of the 20th century
(post 1955), the "Cellular Era," focused on understanding functions
of essential nutrients and the roles of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals)
as cofactors for enzymes and hormones and their subsequent roles in metabolic
pathways. The roles of carbohydrates and fats in diseases such as diabetes and
atherosclerosis were discovered and actual and potential mechanisms have been
uncovered3.
Even in those observations of health and
disease, puzzles existed. Why can some individuals consume high fat diets and
yet show no evidence of atherosclerotic disease? Genetic differences certainly
were suspected, but elucidating and proving cellular, molecular and ultimately
genetic-level mechanisms in both healthy and unhealthy individuals proved to be
a challenge.
With the continuing developments in tools
that enable molecular level exploration of cause-effect phenomena, scientists
have begun to develop hypotheses and conduct experiments to lay the foundation
for a deeper level of understanding of gene-diet interaction. Today, an
emerging field of nutritional research focuses on identifying and understanding
molecular-level interaction between nutrients and other dietary bioactives with the human genome during transcription,
translation and expression, the processes during which proteins encoded by the
genome are produced and expressed.
The Next Step: Nutrigenomics
Continuing and accelerating discoveries in genomics present possibilities for
an ever more dynamic era of scientific investigation based on understanding the
effects of nutrients in molecular level processes in the body as well as the
variable effects nutrients and non-nutritive dietary phytochemicals
have on each of us as individuals. We call this the new era in nutritional
science the genetic era, or nutrigenomics. On one
hand, it represents a logical extension of biotechnology, molecular medicine
and pharmacogenomics, while on the other,
it is a revolution in how nutrition and diet are viewed.
Enabling science and technology platforms
and techniques are essential for development of knowledge and advancements in
science. Table 1 shows the key developments that are propelling nutritional
science to the genetic level.
Application of the tools and techniques
listed in Table 1 forms the basis of a relatively recent approach to drug
research and development known as pharmacogenomics,
the use of genetic information to predict the safety, toxicity and efficacy of
drugs in individual patients or groups of patients. "Personalized
medicine" developed through growing knowledge of pharmacogenomics
has generated a lot of well-deserved enthusiasm as an important tool for the
pharmaceutical industry. Collaborations have been extensively established.
Karl Thiel, staff writer for Biospace.com,
creates an interesting scenario4: "You go to the hospital with complaints
of chest pain. A doctor diagnoses you with chronic angina and recommends drug
therapy. But instead of giving you a prescription, she gives you a quick
pinprick blood test. Placed in a small machine, the sample is rapidly,
automatically prepared for analysis and through a speedy hybridization or mass
spec assay, a relevant portion of your genotype is determined. The results show
that you have a genetic polymorphism that makes you unsuitable for the most
common type of angina medication-its efficacy will be marginal and you will be
likely to have significant side effects."
The application of similar tools and methods
to examination of individual responses to macro/micronutrients is at its
infancy. But we predict that nutrigenomics will be
the next technological and commercial frontier emerging from genomics. How will
this happen?
"Nutrigenomics
will revolutionize wellness and disease management," said Guy Miller M.D.,
Ph.D., chairman and CEO of Galileo Laboratories, Inc., a biotech company
working on cell-based therapeutic nutritionals.
"Specifically, by being able to elucidate genetic profiles of individuals,
diets will be formulated from crop to fork to confer prevention or retard
disease progression. As basic science advances converge with e.commerce, new opportunities will emerge to deliver to
consumers, whose genetic susceptibility to specific diets and diseases are
known, products tailored to individual dietary needs.
"One driving force for nutrigenomics will be cost savings realized by consumers,
employers, government and third party providers, through retarding and
preventing disease," he continued. We are embarking on a new era to
deliver to consumers exciting technologies to enable wellness."
Mapping Out The Possibilities
Genetic variations occurring in more than 1% of a population would be
considered useful polymorphisms for creating a chromosome map showing the
relative positions of the known genes on the chromosomes of a given species. A
consortium of pharmaceutical companies and academic institutions has undertaken
the task of mapping human SNP's. While the initial target of this effort is
drug development, diagnostic applications are already developing. Can
nutritional applications be far behind? We think not. Dave Evans, president and
CEO, Wellgen, Inc., a startup
company commercializing Rutgers University technology, agreed, "In less
than 10 years, you'll be able to go to a lab and complete a set of genetic
tests to identify your personal disease susceptibilities. When you leave you'll
be armed with a list of foods to eat and foods to avoid and a recommendation of
dietary supplements to help prevent your diseases."
Suppose the person with angina noted above
has testing to understand the genetic polymorphisms that interact with diet to
influence inception and development of a certain set of conditions or diseases.
Specific diets could then be created to retard or block such development. If we
have this information early enough, we could benefit future generations with
markedly reduced risks of disease.
For instance, if we knew all the genes
involved in cardiovascular health-detrimental ones, protective ones and how
much each contributes individually and in combination, we might be able to
reduce a person's likelihood of cardiovascular disease based on his or her
genetic profile, as well as on age, gender and lifestyle habits. A genetic
profile would enable individuals to adopt the habits most likely to reduce
risk-because different genes or gene combinations respond differently to
changes in diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption.
Dr. Ronald Krauss, head of the Molecular
Medicine Department at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, UC Berkeley,
observed, "When a large group of people go on the same diet low in
saturated fat and cholesterol, their LDL levels can vary widely." The
question is "why?" Dr. Krauss further claims that, "recent
evidence indicates that genetic factors can contribute to differences in
dietary response." Studies with large samples do not satisfactorily
predict individual responses due to unique genotypic differences. Dr. Krauss
predicts the results of research on the interaction of genes and diet may lead
to diet plans and /or drug regimens tailored to an individual's genetic
predisposition to heart disease and stroke5.
Richard B. Weinberg, M.D., professor of
internal medicine at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center
reported in the New England Journal of Medicine6 that subjects with the variant
gene (apo A-IV-2) showed lower increases in
cholesterol and LDL than subjects with the more common gene (apo A-IV-1) when fed high egg diets. He hypothesizes that
the variant gene affects dietary responsiveness by altering the efficiency of
intestinal absorption of cholesterol. These findings may lead to better
understanding of the larger normal population and how to control cholesterol
absorption.
Dr. Jose M. Ordovas,
Whether the genes for any of these
components are manifest depends on an individual's habits as well as age, Dr. Ordovas says. Moreover, manifestation is interrelated. For
example, in an obese person, a gene for obesity can trigger a normally
beneficial gene for blood lipids to express high LDL cholesterol and
triglycerides. However, if the person stays lean, the beneficial gene could
prevail-all other things being equal.
Someday, health professionals will have a
complete profile of the human genes involved in raising
or lowering risk, says Dr. Ordovas. Children could be
tested early in life so that diet and other lifestyle changes would be started
before damage begins.
Relationships between individual differences
in the ability to process milk proteins and highly puzzling neurological
diseases such as autism and schizophrenia have been postulated. According to
Dr. J. Robert Cade,
Dr. Jo Freudenheim,
SUNY at
The search for genetic markers for breast
cancer susceptibility has led to an increasing number of epidemiological
studies of relatively common genetic polymorphisms. These polymorphically
expressed genes code for enzymes that may have a role in the metabolism of
estrogens or detoxification of drugs and environmental carcinogens. Although
the clinical significance and causality of associations with breast cancer is
unclear, genetic polymorphisms may account for why some women are more
sensitive than others to environmental carcinogens.
Where To From Here?
We certainly can envision concentrated, single bioactive compounds that could
be delivered in a variety of forms. These could be enzymes that counter the
effects of absent or decreased activities relevant to disease inception or
development, autism or schizophrenia, for example. For instance, if a person
lacking the intestinal enzyme to hydrolyze the
indicated portion of the casein molecule, could take it in pill form prior to
consumption of milk products, this may lead to improved quality of life for
those suffering from certain neurological disorders. The same may be true for
susceptible females who may need to intake alcohol dehydrogenase before
consumption of alcohol. The possibilities are manifold.
We can see the development of food/beverage
products either as preventive agents or as treatments specific for those with a
propensity for disease. The most prevalent current example is the ketogenic
diet used for treatment of pediatric epilepsy
patients considered intractable, non-responsive to pharmaceutical regimens. The
possibilities extend to important segments such as those with propensities for
cardiovascular, cancer and others described above.
What does this burgeoning new field of
understanding presage? Beyond the obvious improvements to quality of life and
health, we see a new mode for market segmentation. Imagine the possibility to
identify small subgroups based on their individual genome, create products to
satisfy their needs and then to market diets and products directly to them. The
technology to accomplish in an economically feasible way is rapidly becoming a
reality. According to Dr. B. Michael Silber, Pfizer,
"it costs $150 or more to identify each of a person's S.N.P.'s.
The goal, he adds, is to get the price down to pennies, which he calls
feasible. Some challenge that consumers do not want to know. We think that the
drive for prevention and prolongation of life quality will prevail,
particularly when costs permit wide diffusion into our culture.
Who will do this? Certainly, the academic
community, rich with new tools, is making relevant discoveries daily. Small,
entrepreneurial start-up companies who are willing to make the needed
investment and take the risk will most likely be first to market. Food
processors marketing mainstream products will wait for the products to be
created and demand to be established. We will then see them applying their
extensive marketing skills to reach ever more segmented groups. Rather than the
current demographic or psychographic segmentation tools, the future belongs to
those who can adapt to deliver products based upon new applications of genomic
tools.
References
1) "A History of Nutrition", E.V. McCollum 1957 QU 145 McCol.
2) Nutrition; An
Integrated Approach, Ruth Pike and Myrtle Brown, John Wiley & Sons, 1975,
pp 4-8.
3) "Fundamentals of Nutrition",
Course Syllabus,
4) Biospace.com "Pharmacogenomic
Medicine: Technology Outpacing the Health Care System."
5) AAAS symposium on "Gene-diet
Interactions in Coronary Heart Disease," AHA press release
6) "Attenuated hypercholesterol
response to a high-cholesterol diet in subjects heterozygous for the
apolipoprotein A-IV-2 allele," Weiberg et al, N Engl J Med, Vol. 331, No.11, pp 706-710.
7) "Attacking Heart Disease at Its
Genetic Base", Agricultural Research, 7/99.
8) Autism and Schizophrenia: Intestinal
Disorders, Cade R et al. Nutritional Neuroscience, in press 1999.
9) Symposium: Interactions of diet and
Nutrition with Genetic Susceptibility in Cancer, Journal of Nutrition, Vol.
129, 2/99, pp 550S-551S.
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Last updated
Research Centers
A listing of research source for Nutrigenomics and related studies:
www.nutrigenomics.ucdavis.edu
Sciona Ltd.
www.sciona.com
Centre For Human Nutrigenomics
www.nutrigenomics.nl
Nutraceuticals World
www.nutraceuticalsworld.com
www.ifr.bbsrc.ac.uk
www.uoguelph.ca
Molecular Expressions
Uridine